HOW ARE FORMED THE ATOMS (I) 

Since 40 years ago, when my economic conditions permitted me to investigate in the physics, I studied in detail the investigation work of physics of my father, and with this I confirmed he was right in consider that the relativity theory was based in wrong concepts.   I had the opportunity to read some books he had, and other ones, specially those related with the structure of the atoms;  because same as my father I consider that the essence of the Universe was produced by the atoms.   Reading how was the radiation of the black bodies, and how could move the orbital electrons around the nucleus of an atom, in form of waves,  I conceived my model of the polygonal orbits, of the electrons moving around their nuclei.   My first idea was that a quantity of electrons is moving around a single nucleus.   This could be possible because the existence of a field of forces around the nucleus.   This field ought to be similar in many aspects, as the one imagined by Newton and Kepler, and afterward by Maxwell and Einstein, that consider that it could be produced from the most elemental particles in any given instant

In my investigation work I concluded that the fore fields are not very much correct;  that an elementary particle only could produce lineal radiations forces in a given instant.   Many elementary particles, forming a bigger one, in a given instant, can produce many lineal radiations forces in a given instant;  being this radiation distributed around a sphere, and acting in a similar way as the fields of forces.   A single elementary particle, in many given instants can radiate in all directions many lineal radiations, covering practically the same space and effects than a field of forces..   To the fields conceived since the Newton epoch, and accepted since then, have been named:  fields of forces;  here will not change the name to them.   But to our model of fields we have conceived  will call:  induced fields

With the fore ideas and others will be mentioned afterward, was possible to improve my model of polygonal orbits.   In the epoch mentioned at the beginning of this theme I had the opportunity to have interchange of ideas with a very much competent and very much accessible physicist:  Rodolfo Castillo Bahena;  he was director of the Faculty of Physics in the Instituto  Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey.   My relation with him was very much benefic to me.   I remember that in one occasion he said to me that the investigator that will give a real good model of atom, immediately will win a  Nobel Prize.   Then I thought that with my original model of polygonal orbits, mentioned before could be obtained such model, only were required to give more details and explanations.   With such model of atom could be explained all the phenomena of the  Universe;  because the Universe as a whole, is formed with atoms an empty space;  all the elementary particles are produced by the atoms..

Before continue explaining how are formed the atoms, and of course all the Universe, will try to imagine how was formed the Universe.  Of course this is not possible.   If we pretend that in many millions of years was verify this; with other many millions of years before, or with infinite many millions of years before, it is not possible to arrive to the mentioned beginning:   All right;  in a space of the Universe it is possible to imagine a part of it that has not an evolution as we know it is now.   In this space of the Universe can imagine is only an immense cloud of microcorpuscles, as those of gravity, moving at light velocity  (with their inherent kinetic energy), with respect to a given point.   After some change of conditions of space, time, density, etc. in the mentioned space a great proportion of the gravity microcorpuscles unite forming corpuscles as those of light.   Afterward a great proportion of the corpuscles unite forming electrons, protons, neutrons; so that it is possible these unite forming hydrogen atoms, and also all the atoms, as will be understand better afterward   In my investigation activity I arrived to the conclusion that so small particles, as the gravity microcorpuscles and the light corpuscles, under certain conditions we ignore (I think that for ever)  move at light velocity.   The mass of such particles and their velocity have a kinetic energy;  and this energy could be transmitted to bigger particles, and because this, the orbital electrons move around the nucleus of an atom at a determine velocity  (vn) with its corresponding    kinetic energy.   All the energy of the atoms produce all the forces of the  Universe, as those that have the stars, and all the phenomena of the  Universe.   And with this simple ideas is explained by one side the concept of mass, and by other complete independent one, the concept of energy.   In other themes of this protocol is explained how a propeller particle  (m^m ), formed by corpuscles as those of light, transmits it energy (kinetic one) to the orbital electron, making it to deflect in a vertex of its polygonal orbit.   This could be by a series of reflection effects;  or by one reflection effect with a longer time of the reflection action;  or by any other reason…We have not a clear idea why the corpuscles, as those of light, and the microcorpuscles of gravity have the mentioned kinetic energy.   To this energy we will call:  inherent energy.   The just mentioned particles can transmit their inherent energy to other particles more bigger, as the electrons, protons, etc. in different ways.   It is well known that the atoms affected by inherent energy can produce different kinds of energy, from mechanical, chemical, to atomic ones.   With all say before are clear many facts, so we are not only able to understand many relations between the behavior of the macroscopic bodies and the atomic ones;  but we are able to improve in a very much significant way our model of the polygonal orbits.

The idea that have the modernist physicists is that all the atoms are formed by a given quantity of orbital electrons and one unitary nucleus;  also they do not have a clear idea how act the positive and the negative particles;  they consider that if it is tried to unite two particles with the same kind of charge, there will be rejection between them.   This is because they consider that the electrons and the protons are smooth spheres with uniform surface;  in such way that the attraction or rejection forces are produced in the same way in any place of their surface.   As the nucleus of an atom if formed by protons and neutrons, it was not be possible for them to obtain a unitary model of nucleus with the same sigh of charge, so they were forced to invent the strong forces;.   But this solution only made more complex the structure of the atom and of all physics.

For us that are supporter of mechanophysics, the fore mentioned model resulted completely unsatisfactory;  so was obtained the model of the binary systems.   As have been explained  in other themes of this protocol, with the model of the binary systems the nucleus of the atom is not formed by a unitary particle, but as many particles, as orbital electrons has the atom:   This means, that each binary system is formed by an orbital electron as negative particle, and a positive particle formed by a proton;  or by a proton and one, or two neutrons.   The negative  (electron) and the positive particle that form the binary system are spaced one from each other a distance approximate to a radius of an atomic shell.   Both particles rotate around  a point  (center of the nucleus).   The orbital electron of the seven shell has, in accordance with our model, a normal velocity of:  v₇  =  308,570  m./ Sec;  and the positive particle (proton)has a velocity:  v₊₇  =  4 x 308,570 / 1,836  =  672.266  m./ Sec..   If the two mentioned particles of a binary system do not unite, in spite they have opposite electric charges is because there is an equilibrium between the kinetic energy (due to inherent energy…) that has the orbital electron trying to move away in a perpendicular direction from the positive particle;  and the attraction force that exist between both  particles of the binary system.  Similar thing could be say of the positive particle with respect to the orbital electron.   To explain with all details all these effects is a long way.   Here only will give some direct ideas.   In other themes seen in this protocol have been see the binary systems, so, we have some data from they.

An orbital electron moving in the seven shell has a kinetic energy equal to:

K_e  =  0.5 m_e v₇²  =  0.5 x 9.1091 x 10^—31 (3.0857 x 10⁵)²  =  4.3366 x 10^—20  joule

Mass of a corpuscle:   m_c  = 1.47236 x 10^—50  Kg.

We can consider the fore energy equal to the inherent energy of the electron.   With this energy the electron moves away from the positive particle in a perpendicular direction.   The inherent or kinetic energy of the electron could be produced by  (n)  active corpuscles, as those of light, moving at light velocity, so:

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K_e  =  0.5 n m_c c²  =  0.5 x 1.47236 x 10^—50 (3 x 10⁸)²      n  =  6.62562 x 10^—34  joule

n  =  4.3366 x 10^—20 / 6.62562 x 10^—34  =  6,5452 x 10¹³  corpuscles.

If the positive particle is a proton, in accordance with our model, has the considered  velocity:  v_^+7   =  308,5 70 x 4 / 1836  =  672.266    m / Sec.   And an inherent energy:

K₊  =  0.5 m₊ v_^+²  =  0.5 x 1.6725 x 10^—27 x 672.266²  =  3.7794 x 10^—22  joule.

Of the binary systems seen in other themes, have been study with more detail the orbits of the electrons, not so those of the positive particles (the nushells).   For to have a more complete model of binary systems, it is require to have more details of both particles of the binary systems.   It is suppose these two particles have an spherical form, as is consider in modern physics.   But we consider that not all the surface is smooth, as a billiard ball.   There is one side were each particle can absorb or emit propeller particles;  in other themes have been see this:   Here will give a special name to this side:  propen side.   In the opposite side there is other variation of the smooth sphere, also in accordance with our model;  to this other side we will call:  ionopen side;  in this side, is supposed are produced the ionization effects;  here are absorbed the inductive radiations and are emitted the ionization radiations.   Both mentioned sides are spaced along a distance equal to the diameter of the particles  (positive or negative one) of the binary system:   This diameter is as a hollow space, as a tube, along which can move the propeller particles.

In modern physics is consider that when two protons are put together, they are rejected.   But this is not enough for they get rejected, also it is required that their propen sides get oriented in such way they will be  in front one with each other.   As was  say some paragraphs before.   For the solution gave by the modernist physicists of a unitary nucleus, was consider the existence of the strong forces.   With our model of the binary systems, the proton or the positive particles of the nucleus are always oriented to its orbital electrons with more energy, so they do not have chance to move orienting their propen sides, to get them in front one to the other.

Till now we have accepted our original model of binary system with an orbital electron of the seven shell with radius equal to that of the atom;  and with the first orbit of the positive particle the smaller possible, but with enough space for two positive particles to move freely in the first nushell.   By preference we have study the structure of an atom considering the seven shell.   In the numerical examples were determine the orbital velocities of the electron and of the proton;  with them is determine their energies of attraction of both particles in the binary systems.  The first idea could get the readers is that the two  particles of the binary systems are attracted in a similar way, for instance, as the Earth and the Moon, with equal and opposite forces.   Really in our model are not two particles, but three;  there is a propeller article  (m), whose mass if formed by corpuscles as those of light, so, its inherent energy is  100 % effective, that is, all its mass can move at light velocity by itself.   In a time of deflection the propeller particle, that has arrived to the propen side with a velocity  (c), for instance, to the orbital electron;  begins with this velocity from the propen side toward the ionopen side along the hollowed diameter;  in this trajectory its velocity diminishes to zero because there is an interchange of inherent energy with the orbital electron that is deflected   From the ionopen side the propeller particle return toward the propen side from zero velocity to (c) velocity when arrives to the propen side;  from here the propeller particle jumps toward the ptopen side of the positive particle with its velocity  (c);  were is repeated a similar cycle of movement as that in the electron, producing also the interchange of inherent energy in its trajectory along the hollow diameter..   These trajectories, of course are produced in a time of deflection (t_>), equal in both particles

The interchange of energy is the required for to deflect the trajectory of the positive particle (the proton) in accordance with the radius of its nushell.   In order to make more illustrative the problem, and also for to determine a law of interchange of inherent energy will be made the following numerical example.

In many other examples have been obtained the deflection velocity  (radial velocity)  of the negative particle  (electron).

v^+₇   =  69,098  m./ Sec..;   the deflection angle:  a₇  =  360^o /28  =  12^o.8^o.57

K^₊₇  =  0.5 x 9.10⁹1 x 10^—31 x 69,098²  =  2.1746 x 10^—21  joule.

The orbital velocity of the proton:   v_{+ n}  =  672.21  m./ Sec.  

Its radial velocity:  v_^+  =  69,098 x 672.21 / 308,570  =  150.54    m./ Sec.

K^₊  =  0.5 m₊ v_^+²  =  0.5 x 1.6725 x 10^—27 x 150.54²  =  1.895 x 10^—23  joule

K^₊₇ / K_l+  =  2.1746 x 10^—21 / 1.895 x 19^—23  =  114.7

If the  (m_p)  acted in the same way in the positive particle than in the negative one:  why the attraction forces  K_^+7   and  K_^+  are so different?   With the following law will be explained why.

1.896 x 10^—23 x 1.886 / 4²  =  2.1746 x 10^--21

Law of interchange of an inherent energy:  The interchange of inherent energy is 4 times more effective or intense in the positive charges than in the negative ones, and is proportional to the quantity of inherent energy that has the propeller particle  (mp)  divided by the active inherent energy that has the affected particle  (in this case the proton).

                                                                    Monterrey, Mécico, April, 2004

                                                                    Manuel de Hoyos Robles.

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Un corto de vista necesita sus lentes para buscar sus lentes y poder ver bien,   Esto lo digo porque el Dr. José Manuel Ramírez Aranda y yo tenemos una idea de cómo erradicar la enfermedad del VIH, y es muy fácil comprobarlo sin ningún riesgo, con la electroterapia y la ayuda oportuna de pruebas de laboratorio.   La mas reciente terapia de los tres medicamentos simultáneos, lo único que está haciendo a largo plazo , es producir virus mas resistentes.